+ Here we have it, this should be the correct answer! This would mean that the forward reaction, the formation of the precipitate, is favored. For the second half, we see that the solubility product is greater than the solubility product constant Ksp. > K sp – The solubility product should have the reactants multiplied so this answer choice looks good so far.This answer choice shows the two added and is incorrect. + > K sp – The kidney stones are “ composed of calcium oxalate CaC 2 O 4” so the solubility product will need to show the two reactants, calcium and oxalate, multiplied and not added.For the formation of a precipitate or solid, this means that the favorability of the forward reaction must be greater than for the reaction for dissolving and Kprecipitate > Ksp. We should stick to answer choice C.ģ) For kidney stones to form, the forward reaction that produces the stones would need to be more favorable than the reverse reaction. 64 – This assumes there are 6 chiral centers (2 6=64), but there are only 5, making this an overestimation and double the number of stereoisomers.32 – There are 5 chiral centers, and 2 5=32, making this answer choice the correct answer.16 – This would be true if there were only 3 chiral centers (2 3=16) but there are 5 chiral centers.8 – This would be true if there were only 3 chiral centers (2 3=8) but there are 5 chiral centers.Let’s see how many chiral centers are present in compound 1: Recall the criteria for a chiral center-a carbon attached to four unique substituents. Compound 1 is an antagonist, meaning answer choice B is correct.Ģ) The number of stereoisomers is equal to 2 n where n = number of chiral centers. – Catalysts increase the rate of a reaction, but in the case of Compound 1, the reaction is being stopped, not sped up. This means that Compound 1 is not a placebo. If Compound 1 is being used to treat HIV infection, it should have some biological mechanism for treatment-and we know that it does because it binds the HIV protease. – A placebo serves as a negative control it is given to determine the amount of the effect that is caused by the therapeutic value of someone believing they are being treated, but does not have a clear biological mechanism that would affect the results. – An antagonist would inactivate the enzyme which, as noted above, seems to be the effect of Compound 1. An agonist would activate the enzyme, not inhibit it. However, it prevents the enzyme from performing its function which we know because it’s used to treat HIV, not amplify the infection. – The passage says that Compound 1 is a “ transition state analog” for the HIV protease enzyme, which means that it mimics the product of substrate binding. Sample Test Chemistry/Physics Section Passage 1
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